A. Actuals are the physical commodities being bought and sold.

A. The cash, or spot price of a commodity is the actual amount of money exchanged when commodities are purchased.

A. A commodity is a physical asset, which is produced in such volume that its value can be traded on the open exchange. The price changes every day, and commodities can be bought and sold at a future date using futures contracts. Futures contracts are used because of the size and weight involved in transporting these large volumes of commodities.

A. In 1936, the U.S. Congress passed the Commodity Exchange Act, which governs the trading of all commodities. In 1975, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission began regulating commodity trading, replacing the Commodity Exchange Authority and the Commodity Exchange Commission established in 1936.

A. In commodities trading, basis is the difference between a commodity’s futures price and its cash (or “spot”) price.

A. Cash markets are those in which commodities are bought and sold on “spot” or delivery. They include grain elevators, processors, over-the-counter cash trading, and commodity exchange cash trading.

A. There are two main exchanges for commodity trading in the United States: the New York Board of Trade (owned by Atlanta-based Intercontinental Exchange and focusing mostly on soft commodities), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) which includes the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), and Commodity Exchange (COMEX).

A. This is the price a producer, or grower, must receive for a commodity in order to cover their costs of producing that commodity.

A. Futures, sold in contracts, are sophisticated financial tools used to allow easier trading of commodities. Traders buy the commodities at a predetermined price for future delivery, which creates certainty among manufacturers of the commodity (e.g., growers). The difference between this futures price and the cash (or spot) price upon purchase, is known as basis.

A. Commodities are categorized by agriculture, energy, and metals. Energy commodities include crude oil and natural gas, and metal commodities include gold, silver, and copper.

Agricultural commodities include soft assets like sugar and cocoa, live animals like cattle and lean hogs, and grain commodities, such as corn, soybeans, wheat, rice, oats, and soybean oil.